Runtime estimation for Li-ion, LiFePO4, LiPo & alkaline batteries
Runtime = (Capacity × Efficiency) / Load Current
Peukert: t = (C / In) where n = Peukert exponent
Energy (Wh) = Capacity (Ah) × Voltage
C-Rate = Load Current / Capacity
Actual runtime may vary due to temperature, age, and discharge curve shape. Li-ion retains ~80% capacity after ~500 cycles.