Calculate turns ratio, voltage, current, impedance transformation, and efficiency
A transformer transfers AC power between two isolated circuits via a shared magnetic core. Turns ratio n = N1/N2 sets voltage and current scaling; an ideal transformer conserves power (V1 × I1 = V2 × I2).
Voltage: V2 = V1/n. Current: I2 = I1×n. Impedance: Z_in = n² × Z_load — used for impedance matching to maximise power transfer.
Copper losses (I²R in windings), core losses (hysteresis and eddy currents), and leakage flux all reduce efficiency. A well-designed 50/60 Hz transformer achieves 95–99% efficiency.