Basic Knowledge
Resistor Value
Decode band colours or find colours for a given value
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Capacitor Value
Decode 3-digit capacitor markings to real values
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Inductor Value
THT colour bands & SMT codes — inductance in µH / nH
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AC & Frequency Tools
Sine wave, reactance, impedance, resonance & power factor
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50%
PWM Duty Cycle
Frequency, duty cycle, period, on/off time & average voltage for Arduino & ESP32
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Filter Calculator
Low-pass, high-pass, band-pass & band-stop RC/RL/LC filters with Bode plot
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Circuit Theory
R
RC Time Constant
Charging time & frequency for RC circuits
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555
555 Timer
Astable & monostable frequency / duty cycle
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Ω
Ohm's Law
Solve V, I, R, P — any missing value
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LED Resistor
Calculate series resistor for any LED colour
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R1R2 PARALLEL
Series-Parallel Network
Total R, C or L — add as many components as needed
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R1 R2 Vout
Voltage Divider Rule
Output voltage & current from resistor dividers
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KVL & KCL
Kirchhoff's laws — unknown voltage drops & branch currents
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Diodes & Rectification
Diode Bias
Forward bias current and voltage drop
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Half-Wave Rectifier
DC output, ripple, and filter calculations
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Bridge Rectifier
Full-wave DC output with capacitor filter
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Center Tap
Center-tap transformer rectifier
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Power & Wiring
Battery Life
Runtime for Li-ion and LiFePO4 batteries
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Wire Gauge (AWG)
Current capacity and resistance per AWG size
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Active Components
BJT & MOSFET
DC gain, biasing and small-signal analysis
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Op-Amp Configurations
Voltage follower, inverting & non-inverting amplifier, comparator, differential & summing amp
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